espionage

An offence consisting of taking part in the activities of a foreign intelligence service, or acting on its behalf, against the Republic of Poland.

Since 2023, Article 130 of the Criminal Code has provided for a prison sentence of no less than five years for this offence. It is also a punishable offence, among other things, to offer to act on behalf of a foreign intelligence service and to gather information in order to pass it on.¹

The British doctrine JDP 2-00 describes espionage as the covert acquisition of intelligence, usually by or on behalf of a hostile intelligence service.²

The CIA's glossary describes espionage as the secret acquisition of classified information, or its unauthorised transfer to a foreign state.³