A concept used by the European Union: a mostly non-illegal pattern of behaviour that threatens or has the potential to harm values, procedures and political processes, conducted intentionally and in a coordinated way.
According to the EEAS, such activity is manipulative in character and is conducted by state or non-state actors, including their proxies, inside and outside their own territory.1
Sources
- European External Action Service (EEAS), 2nd EEAS Report on Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference Threats, January 2024
Checked: 3 November 2026